Mathematica Notebooks are usually divided into sections. When you first open a Notebook, you are usually shown only the headings for the sections. MathReader allows you to "open up" the sections to see the material inside them. To do this, simply double-click the angled bracket, as shown here:
The rest of this Notebook tells you more about Notebooks and how to use MathReader. To read the other sections of this Notebook, open them by double-clicking their brackets.
Notebooks are a form of interactive document supported by Mathematica.
A Notebook contains text and graphics, together with Mathematica input and output. Notebooks can also include "movies": animated graphics created by Mathematica or imported from other programs.
MathReader is a Macintosh program that allows you to look at Mathematica Notebooks. With MathReader, you can read the text and view the graphics and movies in any Notebook produced by Mathematica on a Macintosh or NeXT Computer.
MathReader does not, however, allow you to create, edit or print Notebooks, nor does it allow you to execute Mathematica input. To do these things you need a full copy of Mathematica. Information on how to get one is given in the section below entitled "Buying Mathematica".
An important advantage of MathReader is that it is a relatively small program, which runs on computers that do not have enough memory to run Mathematica.
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If you do something wrong while using MathReader, your Macintosh will "beep". You can find out why it beeped by choosing the command Why the Beep? under the (Apple) menu.
A Mathematica Notebook consists of a sequence of "cells", each of which can contain text, graphics, or Mathematica input or output. The extent of a cell is indicated by a bracket (shown in blue on color systems) on the right-hand side of the window.
The cells in a Notebook are usually arranged in groups, which are analogous to the sections and chapters of a printed document. The first cell of a group customarily contains a heading for the section of the Notebook represented by that group.
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The grouping is indicated by additional brackets on the right-hand side of the window; the bracket for a group encloses the brackets of the cells in that group. Sophisticated Notebooks often contain several levels of hierarchical organization, indicated by several levels of brackets.
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A group of cells may be open or closed. When a group is open, all the cells in the group are displayed, but when it is closed only the first cell, which contains the group heading, is visible. The presence of the remaining cells is indicated by a horizontal rectangle just inside the heading cell's bracket; the rectangle's length is proportional to the number of cells in the group. In addition, the bracket of a closed group is angled at the bottom.
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Highly-structured Mathematica Notebooks are usually stored with all groups closed. When you open such a Notebook, you see just its group heading cells, which form an outline of the contents of the Notebook.
You can open a closed group of cells by double-clicking the group's enclosing bracket (the one with an angle at the bottom). When you have a group of cells open, you can close it again by double-clicking the bracket that spans the group.
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Another way to open or close a group of cells is to select the group (by clicking its bracket) and then choose the Closed Group command in the Cells menu (the command-key equivalent is '). This command will open a closed group and close an open group. If you want to open or close a group and all its subgroups (and sub-subgroups and...) at once, choose the Open All Subgroups or Close All Subgroups command, also in the Cells menu.
MathReader allows you to view "movies" generated by Mathematica. A movie is a sequence of frames displayed in quick succession. Each frame in a Mathematica movie is a graphics cell; a movie is a group of graphics cells.
There are two steps in viewing a movie: you select the movie you wish to see (a single Notebook may contain several), and you give the command to begin the animation.
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Selecting the Movie
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To view a movie, you must first select it by clicking (once) the bracket that spans the group containing the frames of the movie.
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Often the movie group will be closed, so that only the first frame is visible. In this case the group's bracket has an angle at the bottom. Simply click this bracket; you do not have to open the group to be able to see the movie.
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You should be sure to click the correct bracket. Clicking the innermost bracket would select only a single frame, and clicking a bracket too far to the right might select several movies at once. Neither of these would produce the desired animation effect.
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Animating the Movie
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Once you have selected the group of cells that make up the movie, you can start the movie by pressing Y. (As an alternative, you can choose the Animate Selected Graphics command in the Special Effects submenu of the Cells menu.) You can stop it by clicking anywhere.
Mathematica shows a movie in the cell which contains the movie's first frame. Movies in Notebooks are often stored as closed groups, so that only this cell is visible. You should realize that if this cell is not visible when you begin the animation, you will not see the movie. (This could happen, for example, if you opened the movie group and scrolled through the frames, then began the animation without scrolling back to the first frame.)
By pressing various keys on the Macintosh keyboard you can control the speed and direction of a Mathematica movie as it runs. Here is a list of the control keys:
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Mathematica has received a great deal of attention and acclaim in the press. This group contains a bibliography of some articles about Wolfram Research, Inc. and Mathematica .
The Standard version runs on Macintosh Plus, Macintosh SE, and Macintosh II computers. The Macintosh II version runs on any Macintosh that has a 68881 numeric coprocessor (this includes the Macintosh SE/030 as well as the Macintosh II and the Macintosh IIx).
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The only difference between the two versions is speed. The Standard version can run on a Macintosh II, and supports color, but does not make use of the numeric coprocessor, and is consequently several times slower than the Macintosh II version for operations such as graphics rendering.
Note: Both versions of Mathematica for the Macintosh require 2.5 megabytes of RAM. We recommend 4 megabytes or more. (If you have a virtual memory management system installed in your Macintosh, you may be able to run Mathematica in as little as 1 megabyte of physical memory.)
Mathematica consists of two parts: a kernel, which does computations, and a front end, which handles interaction with the user. You can run these two parts on separate computers. For example, you can have the front end on a Macintosh, with the kernel running on a remote compute server.
The Macintosh front end for Mathematica will be made available as a separate product from Wolfram Research. It will run on Macintosh computers with only one megabyte of memory. Call Wolfram Research at 217-398-0700 for information.
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University Arrangements
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Special arrangements are available for universities that distribute a copy of Mathematica with every Macintosh II (or every Macintosh) that they resell. University administrators interested in this program should contact Wolfram Research at 217-398-0700 for further information.
MS-DOS 386 Mathematica requires 640K of conventional RAM and at least one megabyte of extended memory. It also requires 5 megabytes of hard disk space.
MS-DOS 386 Mathematica supports CGA, EGA, VGA, Hercules, 8514 and other video graphics standards, and PostScript, LaserJet, Epson FX and Toshiba P3 compatible printers.
The main documentation for Mathematica is the book "Mathematica™: A System for Doing Mathematics by Computer", by Stephen Wolfram, published by Addison-Wesley Publishing Company (June 1988). The book is available at most bookstores.
Wolfram Research gives you permission to give away as many free copies of MathReader as you like, but you may not sell it, and you may not package it with other software that you do sell. And you must include this file (Read This First!) with any copy of MathReader you make.
If you give someone a copy of MathReader on a disk, then you may charge a fair price for the disk itself, and for such costs as duplication and inventory — this price should never exceed $5 per disk — but you must not charge for MathReader. (If you obtained a Demonstration Notebooks Disk, which contains MathReader, directly from Wolfram Research, you probably paid such a fee.)
Here is an example: a Mathematica Users Group might keep a collection of Notebooks in its library. For a fee, a member of the Users Group may obtain a copy of a Notebook on disk. The Users' Group may distribute MathReader on the same disks provided that the fee is not higher than what would cover its cost to produce and distribute the disks. If a higher fee is charged, perhaps to reimburse the author of the Notebook or to fund the Users Group's activities, then MathReader must not be included on these disks (but it may be distributed by itself on other disks for which a lower fee is charged).
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Another example: many schools, colleges, and universities have instructional computing labs where students have access to Macintosh computers. A teacher who has Mathematica might create course notes in the form of Notebooks, intending students to use the school's computers to read the notes. If he does not charge for his course notes, the teacher may give the students disks containing MathReader and the course notes (he may still charge for the cost of the disks). If the teacher wants to charge for the course notes, he must distribute MathReader separately — perhaps just placing a copy in the computer lab, where the students may copy it onto their own disks for free.
